Once rare, the superbug methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infects hundreds of thousands of people in the U.S. each year and kills about 20,000. Antibiotic overuse has made MRSA more common and difficult to treat because of the bacteria’s contagiousness coupled with its resistance to standard infection-fighting drugs. Infected individuals also face a high risk of recurrence.
New research led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis sheds light on how MRSA is introduced into households and, once there, how it can spread among family members, including the furry ones. Understanding MRSA’s transmission dynamics is critical to devising effective preventive tactics.
The study, conducted with researchers at the University of Chicago, is published Nov. 21 in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
“The household environment plays a key role in the transmission of MRSA in the community setting,” said the study’s senior author, Stephanie A. Fritz, MD, a Washington University associate professor of pediatrics in the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. “This suggests that aggressive attempts to rid MRSA from household surfaces may significantly lower the number of MRSA infections we’re seeing now.
“It wasn’t just one patient who would get a staph infection but multiple members of a family,” said Fritz, who treats patients at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. “Within a year, we’d see many patients return with recurring infections. We felt it was necessary to focus on the specific role that household environments play in MRSA acquisition and transmission.”
Staphylococcus aureus, often referred to as staph, generally live harmlessly on the skin in about one-third of the human population. The bacteria can spread through skin-to-skin contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. The infection itself resembles a pus-filled bug bite. However, staph may cause pneumonia, severe organ damage and death when it enters the bloodstream, bones or organs.
The study focused on the households of 150 otherwise healthy children with a median age of 3 years old. The children had been treated for staph infections at hospitals and pediatric practices from 2012 through 2015. Also enrolled were nearly all of the kids’ family members, which totaled 692 people, and 154 cats and dogs.
Researchers visited each home five times during a one-year period to obtain swab samples from people’s nostrils, armpits and groins. As for the cats and dogs, the researchers collected samples from inside the nose and along the animals’ backs, the main petting zone. They found MRSA on nearly half of the people and on one-third of the pets at least once over the year.
Pets offered one of the study’s most interesting findings. “It’s sometimes thought that cats and dogs spread harmful germs,” Fritz said. “We thought they might be a reservoir for the staph germ and play a role in its spread. But our study showed that cats and dogs were more likely to get staph from humans than the other way around.”
Additionally, researchers tested for staph on 21 household surfaces such as refrigerator door handles, sink faucets, bathroom countertops, bed sheets, bath towels, light switches, telephones, television and videogame controllers, and computer keyboards and mice.
A molecular analysis of each staph sample — 3,819 in all — served as a bacterial fingerprint, allowing the researchers to pinpoint exact transmission dynamics of specific strains.
“Previous studies have not distinguished between staph strains,” Fritz said. “By parsing it out, we were able to determine different risk factors for how the staph germ gets into the house and then, once there, how it is spread. The prevailing wisdom is that staph is transmitted from person to person, and that is often true. But our study shows that the household environment also serves as a key reservoir for ongoing staph transmission. In fact, there were a number of instances in which the environment was the only potential source for transmission.
“Household acquisition of MRSA is driven equally by the introduction of new staph strains into a home and transmission of established strains among family members within a household,” Fritz added.
The study’s participants also answered more than 100 questions about hygiene and other personal habits.
“Using genetic and epidemiological data can help us find treatment plans and preventive measures,” said Patrick Hogan, a clinical research specialist at the School of Medicine and study co-author responsible for analyzing much of the data. “For example, we can tell people what they should stop or start doing to reduce the risk of staph infections.”
Among the study’s findings on the top factors associated with staph getting into the household:
- People who practice frequent handwashing (with soap or hand sanitizer) after using the bathroom, before preparing food, before eating and after changing a diaper are less likely to bring staph into their homes.
- Children, especially those attending daycare, are more likely to bring staph into their homes.
The top factors associated with staph being spread from one person to another:
- The spread of MRSA is more likely when there is considerable MRSA contamination on environmental surfaces.
- The spread is more likely in homes with lower cleanliness scores, as defined by the research team and based on observations of odor, clutter and grime.
- The spread is more likely in rented and crowded homes.
- The spread of MRSA is more likely to occur when people share bedrooms, beds, towels (hand, face or bath) or hygiene items such as razors and toothbrushes with someone carrying the transmitted strain.
Hygiene habits that reduce the risk of picking up the staph germ in the household include showering instead of taking a bath, brushing teeth at least twice a day, and using an antibacterial liquid hand soap.
“It’s not a good idea to share personal hygiene items,” Hogan said. “However, the biggest take home, as cliché as it may sound, is to wash your hands frequently. It offers the best protection from acquiring MRSA.”