Many older adults who have major surgery experience postoperative delirium in the days after their operations. Previous research has suggested that closely monitoring the brain during surgery and making adjustments to protect the brain from too much anesthesia could reduce risk of postoperative delirium.
But in a new study of more than 1,200 older surgical patients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine found that meticulously monitoring brain activity and then taking care to minimize levels of anesthesia during surgery had no significant effect on the occurrence of delirium. However, in the group that had close brain monitoring, there were fewer deaths in the first 30 days after surgery. That was an unexpected finding, and the researchers believe it points to potential benefits linked to close brain monitoring and should be examined in future studies.
The findings are published Feb. 5 in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Delirium, described as a state of confusion or agitation, is common after surgery. It is unpleasant but almost always temporary. However, it has been linked to longer stays in intensive care units, more total days in the hospital and even a higher risk of death. About 25 percent of older surgery patients experience postoperative delirium, so finding ways to prevent delirium has been identified as a public health priority by several groups, including the American Geriatric Society, the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
“When older adults have major surgery, one in four of them experiences delirium. That’s a large number,” said principal investigator Michael S. Avidan, MBBCh, the Dr. Seymour and Rose T. Brown Professor of Anesthesiology. “If there is a way to change that, it would have a major impact on public health.”
There were 1,232 patients in the study. Half were randomly assigned to very close monitoring of the brain’s electrical activity, as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG) during surgery, and the rest were given usual care during their operations. The researchers found that 26 percent of the closely monitored group still experienced delirium in the first five days after surgery. By comparison, 23 percent of those in the group that did not receive such close monitoring of brain activity developed delirium during the same time period. That difference was not statistically significant.
“The thought has been that at certain levels of anesthesia, brain activity is suppressed, and that is what mediates these problems,” said first author Troy S. Wildes, MD, an associate professor of anesthesiology. “But we found that preventing suppression by closely monitoring and then adjusting doses of anesthesia made delirium no less likely.”
The researchers defined major surgery as procedures requiring at least two hours of general anesthesia and at least two days in the hospital following the operation. Those could include procedures such as cardiac, gastrointestinal, thoracic, gynecologic, urologic and vascular surgeries.
Surprisingly, Avidan said, there were fewer deaths among patients whose brain activity was monitored closely and anesthesia levels adjusted. In that monitored group, four of 614 patients — fewer than 1 percent — died in the month after surgery. Among the 618 patients who did not receive such close brain monitoring, 19 — just more than 3 percent — died within 30 days of their surgeries. That difference is statistically significant.
“I believe we should monitor the brain of every single patient during general anesthesia, just as we routinely monitor heart and lung function,” Avidan said. “Monitoring other organs during surgery has become the standard of care, but for some reason, even though the brain is the target of anesthesia drugs, this type of close monitoring and adjustment has never become routine.”
Although delirium is a major problem that affects a large number of older surgery patients, doctors and nurses sometimes don’t recognize it in their patients.
“There are two common types of delirium: hyperactive, in which the patient is agitated, thrashing, maybe trying to pull out intravenous lines; and hypoactive, in which patients get very lethargic,” explained co-first author Angela M. Mickle, a clinical research coordinator in the Department of Anesthesiology. “Because it’s so common for surgery patients to be lethargic after an operation, delirium often goes underdiagnosed.”
Although the ultimate goal is to find ways to prevent delirium in older surgery patients, it is important to recognize delirium early and to try to minimize its negative impact on patients, Avidan noted.
Getting quality sleep before surgery might help. Family members should try to make the hospital environment comfortable, perhaps by bringing familiar objects and photographs to an older patient’s bedside. Avidan also recommends returning hearing aids, dentures and glasses to patients as quickly as possible, and suggests physical activity and getting patients out of bed during the day.
“It’s important to re-establish day-night routines,” he said. “Fortunately, most episodes of delirium are transient. In this study, almost all patients were back to their preoperative state within 30 days of surgery.”
