Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have shed new light on a process that fixes breaks in the genetic material of the body’s cells. Their findings could lead to ways of enhancing chemotherapy drugs that destroy cancer cells by damaging their DNA.
Using yeast cells, the scientists studied protein molecules that have an important role in homologous recombination, which is one way that cells repair breaks in the DNA double helix. The process in yeast is similar to that in humans and other organisms.
Earlier research had established that a protein molecule named Srs2 regulates homologous recombination by counteracting the work of another protein, Rad51. Reporting in the July 10 issue of the journal Molecular Cell, the research team reveals the mechanism of how Srs2 removes Rad51 from DNA and thereby prevents it from making repairs to broken strands.
“Our findings may make it possible to uncover ways to augment the effect of DNA-damaging agents that are used for cancer chemotherapy,” says senior author Tom Ellenberger, D.V.M, Ph.D., the Raymond H. Wittcoff Professor and head of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics. “Many chemotherapeutic agents work by causing DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to their death, and tumors can become resistant to chemotherapy by using DNA repair mechanisms to keep the cells alive. Drugs that inhibit the DNA repair process could help increase the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents.”
Ellenberger is also co-director of the Pharmacology Core at Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University. The facility aids in the development of anti-cancer agents.
Srs2 is a helicase molecule — a motor protein that’s able to walk or slide along a strand of DNA and remove other proteins from DNA or separate the two strands of the twisted double helix. For studies of Srs2, Ellenberger’s laboratory collaborated with Timothy Lohman, Ph.D., the Marvin A. Brennecke Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, a prominent expert in the biochemistry of motor proteins like Srs2.
Rad51’s job in the cell is to promote the exchange of sequences between two related DNA molecules, which can be used to repair breaks in DNA where both strands of the double helix are compromised. As a DNA matchmaker, Rad51 forms long filaments on DNA. Srs2 can remove these to prevent unwanted exchanges of DNA sequences. Without Srs2, cells lose their ability to maintain the normal structure of chromosomes, and DNA sequences become shuffled.
The biochemists found that Srs2 possesses a small arm that interacts with Rad51 and triggers a chemical reaction within the Rad51 protein causing it to fall off the DNA.
“Scientists had assumed that as Srs2 moved along the DNA strand, it just pushed off everything in its path,” says lead author Edwin Antony, Ph.D., a postdoctoral research associate in biochemistry and molecular biophysics. “This isn’t the case — we showed that Srs2 has a specialized structure that allows it to interact specifically with Rad51.”
This finding shows how a motor protein like Srs2 can perform the specialized task of remodeling a protein-DNA complex without interference by other similar helicases, he adds.
Because they now know more precisely the nature of this interaction between Srs2 and Rad51, the researchers can narrow their search for drugs that will block DNA repair by Rad51. This type of drug could make a lower dose of a DNA-damaging drug effective in treating cancer.
The research team is now trying to identify the Srs2 homologue in human cells and will study its structure in combination with Rad51. That will allow a more rational approach to understanding how cells cope with DNA damage and how some tumors evade cancer therapeutics, they say.
“In the long-term, my laboratory will look for drug-like molecules that influence this interaction,” Ellenberger says. “We are using the Chemical Genetics Screening Center here at the University (http://htc.wustl.edu). It has vast libraries of molecules that may have the activity we want. Edwin’s work on Srs2 and Rad51 will allow us to develop an assay to screen for agents that augment or supersede Srs2’s interference with DNA repair.”
Antony E, Tomko EJ, Xiao Q, Krejci L, Lohman TM, Ellenberger T. Srs2 disassembles Rad51 filaments by a protein-protein interaction triggering ATP turnover and dissociation of Rad51 from DNA. Molecular Cell. 2009;35(1):105-115.
Funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Young Scientist Program at Washington University supported this research.
Washington University School of Medicine’s 2,100 employed and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient care institutions in the nation, currently ranked third in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.
Siteman Cancer Center is the only federally designated Comprehensive Cancer Center within a 240-mile radius of St. Louis. Siteman Cancer Center is composed of the combined cancer research and treatment programs of Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine. Siteman has satellite locations in West County and St. Peters, in addition to its full-service facility at Washington University Medical Center on South Kingshighway.