Viktor Hamburger, Ph.D., a founding father in the field of developmental neurobiology, lectures to a zoology class in 1960. Hamburger joined the zoology department in 1935 and chaired it from 1941-1966 before gaining emeritus status in 1968. Hamburger (1900-2001) was one of at least 15 intellectuals who migrated from Europe to Washington University between the end of World War I to shortly after World War II. Some were fleeing political oppression, others were escaping religious persecution — Hamburger was a native of Germany with Jewish ancestry. Nobel Prize-winners Carl and Gerty Cori were the first. Others included Egon Schwarz, professor emeritus of German and the Rosa May Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, who was a native of Vienna but forced to flee Europe in the 1940s and taught at the University for 32 years; and Gustav Shonfeld, the Samuel E. Schechter Professor of Medicine and a lipid expert, who survived Auschwitz and moved to St. Louis in 1946, joined the University faculty in 1972 and later chaired the Department of Internal Medicine.