Four steps to reducing cancer risk include losing excess weight, getting more exercise, eating a healthy diet and quitting smoking.
Those basic behavior changes have a major impact on the incidence of the most prevalent types of cancer — lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer — said Graham Colditz, M.D., Dr.P.H., associate director of Prevention and Control at Siteman Cancer Center.
“We estimate that more than 50 percent of cancer incidence could be prevented if we act today on what we already know,” Colditz said.
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Every year, more than 500,000 Americans die from cancer. The National Cancer Institute estimates that on average, each person who dies from cancer loses 15 years of life, and altogether, cancer deaths were responsible for nearly 8.7 million person-years of life lost in 2003, the most recent year for which the data were available.
“The loss of life and earning potential and the social impact of cancer are enormous,” Colditz said. “Reducing risk by adopting lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and losing weight isn’t always easy, but it may help to remember that these behavior changes can also reduce your risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke and osteoporosis.”
Colditz’s recommendations for preventing cancer also include avoiding excess alcohol consumption, taking a multivitamin with folate and protecting yourself from too much sun and from sexually transmitted diseases.
Estimates hold that 20 percent to 30 percent of the most common cancers in the United States stem from being overweight or physically inactive. Research has linked weight gain to common cancers such as breast and colon cancer, as well as uterine, esophageal and renal cancers.
“Women who lose weight in their adult years reduce their risk of breast cancer significantly,” Colditz said.
Furthermore, he said that a clear connection exists between higher levels of physical activity and lower incidence of cancer. “For example, even after diagnosis of breast cancer, physical activity has an impact on recurrence and survival,” he said.
What people breathe in, drink and eat can influence whether they get cancer. It’s well known that smoking is associated with lung cancer, but less commonly understood is that smokers also are more likely to get colorectal cancer as well as kidney, pancreatic, cervical and stomach cancers.
“The rate at which risk drops after stopping smoking varies for different cancer sites,” Colditz said. “But it’s very clear that within five to 10 years, there will be a 50 percent reduction in cancer risk compared to people who keep smoking.”
Although some recent evidence suggests that wine and other alcoholic beverages may contain beneficial components, other data show that overconsumption of alcohol increases the possibility of getting oral, esophageal, breast and other cancers.
Eating a plant-based diet can help protect against cancer. People who eat diets rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower danger of cancers of the colon, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and lung.
Diets high in red meat and animal fat increase the probability of certain cancers.
“There’s a strong, consistent relation between higher intake of red meat and higher risk of colon cancer,” Colditz said.
High intake of folate, a B vitamin, may protect against cancer, and epidemiological studies suggest that low folate status may play an important role early in cancer development. Colditz said experts recommend taking a multivitamin that contains folate every day.
Reducing long-term exposure to the sun and to artificial light from tanning beds and booths and sun lamps can lower the danger of getting non-melanoma skin cancer. Avoiding burns and other damage from these sources — especially in children and teens — can reduce the chances of getting melanoma skin cancer.
Certain viral infections also have been strongly linked to cancer development. Some of the most important of these are human papillomavirus (HPV), a cause of cervical cancer; hepatitis B and C viruses, major causes of liver cancer; and Helicobacter pylori, which accounts for the majority of cases of stomach cancer.
HPV can be spread by sexual contact, and vaccine-conferred immunity results in a marked decrease in precancerous lesions.
As with the new cervical-cancer vaccine, advances in chemoprevention likely will add to the prevention potential that comes from healthy lifestyle choices.
“In the future, we’ll be seeing a range of new preventative strategies,” Colditz said. “For example, the National Cancer Institute has a trial looking at selenium as a supplement to prevent cancer. And research shows that antiestrogens may reduce the risk of breast cancer by 60-80 percent in women after menopause.”